Microbiology

1\. On Enterobacteriaceae, which of the following bacteria is an opportunistic pathogen?

With reference to infections with Escherichia coli the following are true except

The herpes group of viruses includes the following except?

Concerning enteric fever caused by Salmonella typhi and S.paratyphi, which of the following is Not a possible specimen taken for the diagnosis of the disease?

This organism is known to cause epidemics of bloody dysentery

As the house officer in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, you met a 25 year old newly wedded lady who complained of burning sensation when passing urine. What is this condition called?

What is the most likely causative organism for the condition described above

Haemophilus influenzae are mainly categorized into serotype and nonserotype, which of the following component is present in the serotype H.influenzae?

Concerning Bordetella pertussis, the pentavalent vaccine consists of the following combinations:

One of these flagellates causes non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) in men, its diagnostic form is

Concerning Poliovirus:

Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine (Hib) is intended to prevent bacterial infection caused by the bacterium. The infectious vaccine should be completed at which of the following age group of the children?

Which of these classes of Arthropods are of medical importance?

The following are major blood and tissue Nematodes:

Which of the following virus infection is transmitted by the faeco-oral route?

Which of these Filarial worms is correctly paired with its vector?

Malaria parasites infecting humans belong to these species, and the most dangerous of them is:

Malaria is seasonal and unstable and usually occurs at altitudes less than:

One of the following statements is true about Campylobacter jejuni

Thermophilic campylobacters\' grow best at

Concerning H. pylori

Which of these virulence factor for H.pylori can be easily demonstrated in the Medical Laboratory

Characteristics of anaerobes include the following except

Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces the following pigments except

Acinetobacter baumannii has the following characteristics except

Concerning viral haemorrhagic fever

Virus that can cause sexually-transmitted diseases is?

Concerning taenia saginata

Concerning taenia solium

Concerning hepatitis virus infection

Concerning Mpox infection

The following statements are the general biologic properties of Human Herpes viruses EXCEPT

Epidemiology of Herpes simplex viruses

One of the following is the sexual forms of toxoplasma gondii

Measles virus

One of the following incubation period is correctly matched

The following is not true of acquired antimicrobial resistance

For primary isolation of N meningitidis a chocolate agar base containing antimicrobial supplement is mainly used. Which antimicrobial is not usually present in the supplement?

The 3rd moment of hand washing is:

Concerning dengue fever

Concerning hepatitis B virus

Concerning mumps

A common characteristic of fungi that cause systemic mycoses is that they are

Which of the following is not a dermatophyte

A 4 year old man with AIDS develops painful thick white exudates on the surface of his tongue and posterior pharynx. Gram stain reveals a gram positive organism 2 to 3 times as large as Staphylococcus aureus. Which organism is likely to be responsible for the man\'s infection

In a case of meningitis, Gram staining of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) showed large gram positive spherical cells much larger than bacterial cells. Indian ink staining procedure showed capsules around the cells. The pathogen is most likely to be

Concerning Polymerase Chain Reaction

The following organisms are commensal of the oral cavity except:

About Periodontal diseases:

What is the most important endotoxin component leading to septic shock from Gram-negative bacteria?

About Streptococcus pyogenes:

A Gram positive cocci in chains with partial haemolysis on blood agar and optocin sensitive is likely to be:

Toxoplasma

The quality management system applicable to the medical laboratory is contained in the ISO

The full meaning of the acronym ISO is

The following species of mycobacteria are members of the MTC

This cell is able to kill intracellular mycobacterial bacilli within the granuloma

Buruli ulcer is caused by

What is AIDS?

U=U is a concept in HIV medicine. What does it mean?

In 95-95-95 concept in HIV program, the second 95 refers to

A 23-year-old woman was referred with a 1-week history of fever, malaise, night sweats and painful joints. Two weeks previously she had had a sore throat. On examination, her temperature was 38.2°C pulse 110 beats per minute, blood pressure 105/65mmHg. She had a pan-systolic murmur, her chest was clear on auscultation. Her right wrist and left knee were hot, swollen and painful. Investigations: serum C-reactive protein- 221mg/L (\<10) Anti-streptolysin O titre - 1600. Echocardiogram- evidence of pericardial effusion with mitral regurgitation. Rheumatic fever is considered as a diagnosis. Which of the modified Duckett-Jones criteria are fulfilled to confirm the diagnosis?

A 35-year-old woman presented with a 3-day history of productive cough, breathlessness and rigors. She was treated empirically with intravenous vancomycin. What is the site of action of vancomycin?

A 24-year-old Liberian man presented with a 4-day history of fever and headache. He had lived in the Nigeria for 13 years but had visited Liberia to attend a funeral, returning to the Nigeria 2 days previously. On examination, his temperature was 39.0°C, his pulse was 120 bpm and blood pressure was 100/70mmHg. There was active bleeding around venipuncture sites. Investigations: malaria film negative. In addition to hand hygiene, what other infection control measures are most appropriate?

A 75 year old man with cardiac pacemaker was seen in the cardiologic clinic after presenting with high grade fever and he was admitted for infective endocarditis. His blood was collected for culture and the specimen was forwarded to the laboratory. Select the culture medium which would be most appropriate to isolate Staphylococcus epidermidis from this patient.

A male baby was born to HIV positive mother who ate cheese at 36 weeks gestation and had gastroenteritis. The baby had a petechial rash, low birth weight, hepatosplenomegaly. This is thought to be due to an infection acquired while the baby was still in utero. Select the condition which is most likely to cause this clinical presentation.

Concerning Legionella pneumophila

A newly recruited military man walked into the GOPD with severe cough, fever and malaise. The cough is worse at night and associated with blood tinged sputum. A diagnosis of severe community acquired pneumonia was made. Investigations- Chest X-ray showed multiple lobes involvement without consolidation. Which is the likely organisms?

The name Woolsorter\'s disease refers to infection caused by which organism:

Concerning Vibrio cholera infection:

Concerning bacterial cell structure, the main constituent of Gram positive cell wall is

Which of the following are constituents of peptidoglycan?

Teichoic acid is present in

The outer membrane of gram negative bacteria is made up of

Which of these statements about plasmids is incorrect?

Which of the following describes the arrangement of flagella in bacteria?

On bacterial metabolism, an organism that obtains its energy from the transfer of electrons originating from chemical compounds and its carbon from an inorganic source is called?

Which is not a laboratory procedure in Medical Microbiology

One of the following is a Basic stain

Which one of these is NOT an Acidic stain

Bacterial growth can be measured by

A component of the cell membrane of most fungi is?

The following are azoles except?

In serological diagnosis of fungal infections, Latex agglutination test is best for detection of which of the following?

Classification of fungal diseases are based on the following except?

Which of the following is not found in all viruses?

The following Are characteristics of Mycotic infections except?

Concerning Sexual spores, which is false?

Talking about sexual spores, the following are correct except?

The following are true of conidia produced by fungi except?

Medical Parasitology can be defined as

Parasites can be defined as

A host that harbours a parasite in the adult stage or where the parasite undergoes a sexual method of reproduction is known as

A host that serves as a temporary refuge and vehicle for reaching an obligatory host is known as a

Concerning the structure of Viruses

The following Physico-chemical Parameters are used to classify viruses into families EXCEPT

A 54-year-old male presents with fever, tachycardia and hypotension. A blood culture is taken and becomes positive in 12 hours. The Gram stain was done on the isolate. Which of the components of the Gram stain is a fixative?

The typical viral replication cycle follows the order of arrangement below:

Spirochaetes

Pathology is

The Father of Immunology is known as;

The Father of Handwashing is known as;

Concerning Laboratory Diagnosis of T. pallidum infections, one of the following is a Non Treponemal test

Which of the following best describe Diphtheria:

A 29-year-old female presents in the 33rd week of gestation with a temperature of 38.8°C 1 day after having several episodes of diarrhoea. The organism isolated from her stool showed tumbling motility at 4°C in the fridge. What is the most likely organism?

A 75-year-old female presents with urosepsis and is prescribed an aminoglycoside. What is the bactericidal mode of action of aminoglycosides?

The acute versus the chronic infections of this virus can be detected by specific antibody levels:

Which of the following is correct about health care associated infections:

Enterobacteriaceae

One of the following culture media is best for the isolation of Enterobacteriaceae

Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) are nonmotile, non-lactose, or late lactose fermenters which are predominantly found in developing countries infecting children and travelers. Which of the following infection is similar to the EIEC infection?

Based on your chosen sample in the above question, the best medium for isolation of the suspected organism is

What is the likely causative organism for the condition described above

Concerning Haemophilus specie, the one responsible for invasive infections is

Arthropods are

Common disease symptoms seen with Wuchereria bancrofti are

This is a common feature of blood and tissue Nematodes

Some gram-negative bacteria are a part of normal inhabitants and incidentally cause disease but others such as\... are an important pathogen and the common cause of foodborne and waterborne illnesses all around the world.

One of the following is a characteristic of Trematodes

A 21-year-old female presents with necrotising fasciitis. Which of the following is not a virulence factor of Staphylococcus aureus?

A 16-year-old female presents with a sore throat and a beta-haemolytic Streptococcus is grown. Which of the following species is a Group A Streptococcus?

What are the three criteria that comprise the qSOFA?

A 27-year-old male presents with enteritis. From a stool sample a yellow colony is growing on thiosulfate-citrate-bile-sucrose (TCBS) agar. What is the likely diagnosis?

A 56-year-old male is diagnosed with native valve endocarditis. A blood culture grows a Gram-positive cocci on both blood agar and MacConkey agar, which is ampicillin resistant. What is the likely identification of this organism?

A 26-year-old male presents 3 days after a dog bite. What diagnostic test aids with ascertaining exposure to rabies?

A 22-year-old newly wedded female presents with dysuria, frequency and urgency 5 days after wedding. What is the likely cause of her urinary tract infections?

HIV has a genetic material which is

The most specific test for HIV diagnosis is

Concerning the spread of HIV

Lamivudine and Emtricitabine belong to which class of anti-retroviral drugs

A reservoir for rabies is which of the following?

Shigellosis is caused by Shigella dysenteriae in humans causing fever, abdominal cramps, diarrhea sometimes blood. Which of these toxins is responsible for the infection?

A needle stick injury can be avoided with standard precaution. What is transmission rate of HIV in percentage?

An example of NRTI for HIV treatment is

The following are structural proteins of the HIV except

For Aspergillus infections

Subcutaneous mycosis is associated with which of these organisms?

Candida albicans: The following are false except

The first antibiotic discovered in the world was:

The following are bacteriostatic antibiotics except

Inhibitors of cell wall synthesis include the following except

Concerning syphilis

The following are true of prions diseases except:

The most frequently identified cause of acute infective diarrhoea in most industrialized countries causing much morbidity and economic loss

Explosive food poisoning outbreaks is said to be rare in this organism because it does not multiply in food

Concerning enteric fever caused by Salmonella typhi and S.paratyphi, which of the following is Not a possible specimen taken for the diagnosis of the disease?

Abdominal pain and diarrhoea are the main symptoms of the following infections

The following are part of the complications of Campylobacteriosis

A form of peripheral polyneuropathy that causes serious and potentially fatal paralysis lasting for several months seen with Campylobacter infection is called?

Cloudiness is a sign that bacteria have grown in one of the following after Inoculation and incubation.

A Gram stained smear showing a motile gull-winged shaped organism that grows only in a selective media at 42°C, reduced O2 and a capnophilic environment, oxidase and catalase positive is most likely

A spiral shaped gram-negative rod that is strictly micro-aerophilic, requires carbon dioxide, a rich growth media and strongly Urease positive, is most likely

The following are true of Acinetobacter species except

The survival of Helicobacter pylori in the acidic environment of the stomach is made possible by

One of the most common sexually transmitted infections and the leading cause of genital ulcers is

Which type of human herpes virus is oncogenic?

The treatment of choice in herpetic Infection is

The following are arthropod mediated bacterial diseases EXCEPT

The following are arthropod mediated parasitic diseases EXCEPT

The more pathogenic species of blood and tissue Nematode includes

This organism is known to cause epidemics of bloody dysentery

The following microfilaria worms are sheathed

This statement is NOT TRUE about the blood and tissue Nematodes

Concerning the treatment of filariasis, which is effective against both the microfilaria and adult worm presently in use includes

The following are the general characteristics of Trematodes EXCEPT

Concerning chancroid, the following statements are true except

What is a Quelling reaction?

The preventive measure for Bordetella pertussis infection is the vaccination method, according to the current National Programme of Routine Immunization in Nigeria, the pertussis vaccine is usually administered in combination with toxoids of the following

Concerning the stages of Pertussis, one of the following statements is true

Concerning mumps virus

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Concerning the order Spirochaetales

This treponemal disease can be transmitted person-to-person by contaminated eating utensil

Which of the following is not a subcutaneous infective agent (mycosis)?

Which is a cutaneous mycosis infective agent?

On candidiasis:

Exanthem can be described with the following presentations

The following are emerging disease except

The following is correct about cholera

Trematodes transmitted through skin penetration include

The following biochemical tests are used to differentiate between species of Haemophilus except

Concerning Coxsackie viruses:

Which of the following do not prove to be helpful for the treatment of the disease \"whooping cough\"?

Chickenpox

Acinetobacter are characterised by

Concerning hepatitis C virus

Concerning Lassa fever virus

Concerning Corynebacterium species, which of the following is correct?

Concerning influenza viruses

The influenza virus serotype that causes most of the epidemics is:

Listeria monocytogenes

The gold standard for diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii infection is:

The portion of the growth curve where rapid growth of bacteria is observed is known as

The vector for Loa loa is

One of the stages below is not included in the life cycle of malaria parasite in man:

A 28-year-old female presents with necrotising fasciitis. Which of the following is not a virulence factor of Staphylococcus aureus?

A 27-year-old male presents with enteritis. Isolate from the stool sample yielded a yellow colony on thiosulfate-citrate-bile-sucrose (TCBS) agar. What is the likely diagnosis?

A 33-year-old male presents 3 days after a dog bite. What diagnostic test aids with ascertaining exposure to rabies?

A 22-year-old newly wedded female presents with dysuria, frequency and urgency 5 days after wedding. What is the likely cause of her urinary tract infection?

Concerning hepatitis C virus

Which of the following is the PRIMARY portal of entry for most systemic mycoses?

Concerning History of Medical Microbiology, Which of the following is correctly matched?

The term \"Black Death\" refers to an epidemic caused by

The presence of a capsule around bacterial cells usually indicates their increased disease-causing potential and resistance to disinfection. Capsules are generally viewed by:

Concerning bacterial growth cycle, \"Lag phase\" is also known as

Most human pathogens prefer temperatures near that of the human body. They are called

Which of the following media is best suited for the initial evaluation of colonies of Enterobacteriaceae?

Isolate from blood culture reveals gram-positive cocci growing in clusters. Which of the following tests would be most useful in determining whether this organism is a part of the normal skin flora?

Each of the following statements concerning Giardia lamblia is correct EXCEPT:

A 70-year-old man who is receiving chemotherapy for leukemia developed septic shock. Which of the following components is MOST likely to be the cause of his septic shock?

Which of these is not true of phagocytosis?

As the house officer in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, you met a 28 year old sexually active lady who complained of dysuria. Dry, pink colonies were observed on MacConkey agar after overnight incubation. Gram reaction revealed gram negative rods. What is the most likely causative organism for the condition described above?

Concerning the five moments of Hand Hygiene the following is true:

Mr Peter, a 65 year old known type 2 diabetic, presented with shortness of breath, decreased level of consciousness and warm, clammy extremities. His temperature is 38.5°C, systolic blood pressure 95 mmHg, and respiratory rate is 27 cycles/minute. I am concerned that the patient is septic. What is his qSOFA score?

A 50 year old man is seen in the respiratory clinic for regular review of his cystic fibrosis. He has a productive cough and a specimen is forwarded to the laboratory. Which of the following would be most appropriate to isolate Pseudomonas aeruginosa from this patient?

This describes Periodontal diseases:

The Polymerase Chain Reaction:

The influenza virus has complicated genetics mainly characterised by which of the following?

A 4 year old female was brought into the children emergency ward with symptoms suggestive of meningitis. A lumbar puncture was done and sent to the laboratories. The resident clinical microbiologist within 45 minutes sent in a presumptive result; CSF cell count: 30--40 WBC/HPF mainly neutrophils, Gram stain shows a Gram negative bacilli. Which of the following organisms do you think is probable?

Which of these media is appropriate for the selection and differentiation of E. coli O157:H7 in stool specimens?

Which of these organisms lack mitochondria?

Mode of action of endotoxins

Exotoxins are typically

Phases of bacterial growth curve include the following except

Concerning transduction

Fimbriae present on outer surface of bacteria are used for

Campylobacter jejuni is most need for

Some anaerobes are particularly susceptible to oxygen because they lack the enzyme

Which of these specimens would be inappropriate for anaerobic culture?

Which of these bacteria is a common member of normal flora in the gut?

Concerning History of Medical Microbiology, the event that triggered the development and establishment of microbiology as a science is the

Which of the following is correctly matched?

Which one of the following statements is the MOST accurate comparison of human, bacterial, and fungal cells?

On Enterobacteriaceae, which of the following is NOT a major characteristic?

Each of the following statements concerning endotoxins is correct EXCEPT:

Each of the following statements concerning exotoxins are correct EXCEPT:

An 81-year-old woman who is receiving chemotherapy for leukemia develops a fever of 40°C, associated with chills. Her blood pressure drops to 80/20 mmHg and is unresponsive to fluid challenge. Which one of these is the MOST likely diagnosis?

Which of the following is an example of a primary intestinal pathogen in the family Enterobacteriaceae?

Which type of Escherichia coli produces dysentery with bowel penetration and destruction of intestinal mucosa?

Concerning Yersinia spp

A 75-year-old man is hospitalized for an infection and treated with clindamycin. The patient improves and returns to his nursing home. Two weeks later he is rushed to the emergency room with fever and loose, mucoid green stools. The diarrhea is voluminous, and he is having severe abdominal pain. Sigmoidoscopy of his colon reveals yellow-white plaques. What is the single most likely event/factor that contributed to this patient\'s current illness?

Concerning PCR, \"Thermus aquaticus\" is the source of

A 28-year-old woman presents to her gynecologist with complaints of a malodorous vaginal discharge. Upon examination, a thin, gray vaginal discharge was observed. A whiff test was positive for an amine odor. Which of the following is consistent with this case?

Each of the following statements concerning the fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorbed (FTA-ABS) test for syphilis is correct EXCEPT:

With reference to infections with Escherichia coli the following are true except

A 20-year-old woman presents with a history of vaginal discharge for the past 3 days. On pelvic examination, you see a mucopurulent exudate at the cervical os, and there is tenderness on palpation of the right fallopian tube. You do a Gram stain and culture on the cervical discharge. The culture is done on Thayer-Martin medium. Of the following, which findings are the MOST likely to be found?

Each of the following is associated with Streptococcus agalactiae EXCEPT:

Several pathogens are transmitted either during gestation or at birth. Which one of the following is LEAST likely to be transmitted at these times?

Regarding Chlamydiae, which one of the following is MOST accurate?

A 25-year-old man complains of a urethral discharge. You perform a Gram stain on a specimen of the discharge and see neutrophils but no bacteria. Of the organisms listed, the one MOST likely to cause the discharge is:

Each of the following statements concerning Treponema is correct EXCEPT:

Which one of the following is NOT an important characteristic of either Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Neisseria meningitidis?

A 30-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus is found to have a positive serologic test for syphilis (VDRL test). She denies having had sexual contact with a partner who had symptoms of a venereal disease. The next best step would be to:

Each of the following statements concerning Chlamydia trachomatis is correct EXCEPT:

A 5 year old boy is seen in the paediatric respiratory clinic for regular review of his cystic fibrosis. He has a productive cough and a specimen is forwarded to the laboratory. Which of the following is an enriched culture medium which would be most appropriate to isolate Haemophilus influenzae from this patient?

A 75-year-old female presents with urosepsis and is prescribed an aminoglycoside. What is the bactericidal mode of action of aminoglycosides?

A 54-year-old male presents with fever, tachycardia and hypotension. A blood culture is taken and becomes positive in 12 hours. The Gram stain was done on the isolate. Which of the components of the Gram stain is a fixative?

The sexual spores of many fungi are called:

A farmer in Ogoini presents with a chronic cough. Chest x-ray reveals an opaque mass. Biopsy of the lung shows macrophages with multiple yeast forms. Which one of the following diagnoses is most likely?

A child contracted ringworm infection probably from a house pet since on culturing of the hair, a white wooly fungus grew. The colony turned yellowish brown on longer incubation. Microscopy showed large spindle shaped multicellular macroconidia with spikes. The pathogen is probably.

A 24 year old man with AIDS develops painful thick white exudates on the surface of his tongue and posterior pharynx. Gram stain reveals a gram positive organism 2 to 3 times as large as Staphylococcus aureus. Which organism is likely to be responsible for the man\'s infection?

Candida albicans: Which is correct?

Candida albicans, which is false?

Aspergillus species: Which is correct?

The most specific test for HIV diagnosis is

The following criteria are used to identify the larvae of blood and tissues nematodes EXCEPT.

The current hepatitis A vaccine is

Concerning Pseudomonas spp.

Concerning chicken pox

Pathogenesis of viral haemorrhagic fever

All of the following are the major virulence factors present in H. influenzae, except?

Still on the current National Programme of Routine Immunization in Nigeria, how many doses of the pertussis vaccine are recommended for children?

Cestode in which man act as both definitive and intermediate organism include:

Adult worms of the following cestodes are seen in the intestine of man except

The properties of Orthomyxoviridae include the following statements, EXCEPT:

Which of the following analytes is likely to be detected first in Covid 19?

One of the classes of HAART for HIV include

Resistance in many gram negative bacteria is the result of the production of extended spectrum beta lactamases (ESBLs). Which of the following classes are not inactivated by ESBLs?

Mechanism of action of exotoxin A of pseudomonas aeruginosa is

Shigellosis is caused by Shigella dysenteriae in humans causing fever, abdominal cramps, diarrhea sometimes blood. Which of these toxins is responsible for the infection?

Which of the following is most accurate about ebola virus?

Tzanck smear of scraping from a vesicle on the skin reveals multinucleated giant cells. Which virus is associated with this?

A 24 years old nurse is admitted to hospital for jaundice and found to have hepatitis C virus. The major risk factor is

A 30 years old Man is found to be both HBsAg positive and HBeAg positive. The man most likely has

The bacterial envelope includes all of the following structures except

A shiny, sticky colony of streptococcus pneumoniae is likely to be

Which of the following are characteristics of gram-positive bacteria?

Enterobacteriaceae

One of the following culture media is best for the isolation of Enterobacteriaceae

Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) are nonmotile, non-lactose, or late lactose fermenters which are predominantly found in developing countries infecting children and travelers. Which of the following infection is similar to the EIEC infection?

As the house officer in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, you met a 28 year old pregnant woman with complaints of loin pain and fever (temperature 39°C). Which one of the following is the single most important specimen you would collect?

Based on your chosen sample in the above question, the best medium for isolation of suspected organism is

What is the likely causative organism for the condition described above?

Concerning Haemophilus specie, the one responsible for invasive infections is

On Enterobacteriaceae, which of the following bacteria is an opportunistic pathogen?

Concerning Bordetella pertussis, the pentavalent vaccine consists of the following combinations:

One of these flagellates causes non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) in men, its diagnostic form is

Concerning Polio virus,

Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine (Hib) is the preventive measure for the control of the infections caused by the bacteria, the Hib vaccine should usually be complete at which of the following age group of the children?

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the causative agent of the chancroid, one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases and is characterized by painful lesions and genital ulcers?

Arthropods are

The following are the classes of Arthropods of medical importance

The following are blood and tissue Nematodes

Common disease symptoms seen with Wuchereria bancrofti are

This is a common feature of blood and tissue Nematodes

One of the following is a characteristic of Trematodes

A 16-year-old female presents with a sore throat and a beta-haemolytic Streptococcus is grown. Which of the following species is a Group A Streptococcus?

What are the three criteria that comprise the qSOFA?

A 56-year-old male is diagnosed with native valve endocarditis. A blood culture grows a Gram-positive cocci on both blood agar and MacConkey agar, which is ampicillin resistant. What is the likely identification of this organism?

HIV has a genetic material which is

Concerning the spread of HIV

Lamivudine and Emtricitabine belong to which class of anti-retroviral drugs?

The following is not true of acquired antimicrobial resistance

For primary isolation of N. meningitidis, a chocolate agar base containing antimicrobial supplement is usually used. Which antimicrobial is not usually present in the supplement?

Concerning dengue fever

Concerning hepatitis B virus

Concerning mumps virus

With regards to mycotic infections:

Which of the following is not a dermatophyte?

On candidosis;

The following organisms are commensal of the oral cavity except:

About Streptococcus pyogenes:

A Gram positive cocci in chains with partial haemolysis on blood agar and optochin sensitive is likely to be:

Toxoplasma

Some gram-negative bacteria are a part of normal inhabitants and incidentally cause disease but others such as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are an important pathogen and the common cause of foodborne and waterborne illnesses all around the world.

As the house officer in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, you met a 25 year old newly wedded lady who complained of burning sensation when passing urine. What is this condition called?

What is the most likely causative organism for the condition described above?

Based on your chosen response, the best medium for isolation of the suspected organism is

Haemophilus influenzae are mainly categorized into serotype and nonserotype, which of the following component is present in the serotype H. influenzae?

Trematodes transmitted through skin penetration include

In a case of meningitis, Gram staining of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) showed large gram positive spherical cells much larger than bacterial cells. Indian ink staining procedure showed capsules around the cells. The pathogen is most likely to be:

Concerning Polymerase Chain Reaction

The quality management system applicable to the medical laboratory is contained in the ISO

The full meaning of the acronym ISO is

Each of the following statements concerning bacterial spores is correct EXCEPT:

Bacterial surface structures that show antigenic diversity include each of the following EXCEPT:

Which of these organisms is likely to be the cause of infection following criminal abortion?

Which of the following is a gram‑variable anaerobe?

Which of the following is a food‑poisoning gram‑positive bacterium?

Which of the following is an anaerobic gram‑positive bacillus?

The following is an anaerobic gram‑positive coccus:

The natural habitat of Bacteroides fragilis is?

Causes of infective diarrhoea include?

A nosocomial infection is an infection that can be acquired through the following routes except?

In Gram‑staining procedure, which is true?

About Gram staining; which one of the following statements is correct?

Counter stains in Gram‑staining method are the following except?

In Ziehl--Neelsen staining principles, which is true?

Looking under the microscope:

Nosocomial infections include, which is false?

Factors predisposing to opportunistic infections include all of the following except?

The following may show evidence of virus-infection except?

The following are major differences between Staphylococcus and Streptococcus except?

Staphylococcus species can cause the following infections except?

The following infections are caused by Staphylococcus aureus except?

The following are true about Staphylococcus except?

The following are true of Staphylococcus except?

Principles of infection control include all of the following except?

It is true to say that:

Talking about disinfectants, which is correct?

Organic materials interfere markedly with the bactericidal action of which?

Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus

The following antimicrobial drugs are effective against penicillinase‑producing staphylococci:

Methicillin‑resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA):

Coagulase‑negative Staphylococcus:

Staphylococcus food poisoning

Food implicated in staphylococcal food poisoning include all of the following except?

The following are correct about Staphylococcus

Staphylococcal skin infections include all of the following except?

Concerning Staphylococcus aureus, which of the following is correct?

Staphylococcal food poisoning: which of the following is false?

Concerning Staphylococcus aureus, which of the following is NOT correct?

Concerning the Staphylococcus, which is false?

Quellung test will be positive for these organisms

Concerning Staphylococcus aureus, which is false?

Concerning Staphylococcus saprophyticus, which is false?

Concerning the Staphylococcus, which is false?

Virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus include all of the following except?

Staphylococcus: The following are coagulase‑positive

The anti‑phagocytic property of the group A Streptococcus is associated with which of the following?

Rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis may be associated with infection of:

Which factor is important for Streptococcus pneumoniae virulence?

Streptococci may be differentiated from Staphylococcus by:

Members of the genus Streptococcus: which of the following is false?

One of the following is not a recognised complication of Streptococcus infection:

Concerning Group A, beta‑haemolytic streptococcal skin infection, which is false?

Concerning Streptococcus pyogenes, which is false?

Streptococcus pneumoniae: which is false?

The Streptococcus can be identified by the following except?

Viridans Streptococcus: which is false?

The following organisms cause serious infections in neonates and are acquired in the birth canal except?

Correct statements about the classification of Streptococcus: which of the following is false?

Complications of Streptococcus pyogenes throat infection may include the following except?

Regarding glue ear, which is false?

The following are true of acute glomerulonephritis (AGN) except?

Characteristics of the streptococci include all of the following except?

A CNS sample from a patient with acute meningitis showed many pus cells and Gram‑positive diplococci on Gram stain. Antimicrobial therapy can be started with which one?

Hyaluronidase production is important in the pathogenesis of the following except?

The most common bacterium causing serious lobar pneumonia following infection with influenza viruses is?

About pneumococcal vaccine, which is false?

Organisms that are important in causing infective endocarditis include the following except?

Hyaluronidase production is important in the pathogenesis of all of the following except?

Blood cultures taken from a patient with rapidly spreading cellulitis showed lysis of the blood and Gram‑positive cocci in long chains. Antimicrobial agents which are suitable for initial intravenous therapy include the following except?

Effective antibiotic therapy for endocarditis caused by enterococci is?

Which of the following is a characteristic of mycobacteria?

Virulence in mycobacteria is most strongly correlated with?

An acid‑fast smear on a patient\'s sputum is positive, the tuberculin test is negative, a more definitive diagnosis could be obtained by?

The treatment of tuberculosis:

Directly Observed Treatment Short Course, which is false?

Concerning tuberculosis bacterium, which is false?

In tuberculosis, which is false?